This course covers the design and construction of compilers. You’ll learn how to translate a high-level, garbage-collected programming language all the way into Intel x86 assembly language.
Instead of learning about each phase of the compilation process sequentially, we’ll start by compiling a tiny subset of the target language directly into assembly code. Each week, we’ll add a new feature to our language, and learn about all the phases needed to compile that feature into assembly. At each step, you’ll have a functioning compiler that can run real code; by the end of the course, your compiler will work on a realistic programming language including first-class functions.
Topics covered include:
This course will be structured around lectures and a weekly programming assignment. Each lecture will cover a new language feature and the techniques needed to compile it; in the corresponding programming assignment, you will implement support for the new feature in your own compiler. Students should expect to spend 6-8 hours per week outside of class on the weekly programming assignments. The required materials for this course are all freely available online.
Students will also complete a final project, in which they extend their compiler with an additional significant language feature of their choice.
Graduate students are expected to complete additional challenge exercises included in each assignment, and to select more ambitious final projects compared to undergraduate students.
This course is primarily intended for computer science students, but may also be appropriate for some graduate students in other areas with an interest in programming languages and strong programming experience.
Prerequisites: CS124 and CS125
Please do not buy any books for this course. All required reference material is available online for free.
The primary textbook we will use for this course is:
Other course resources:
Additional/fun resources:
Your grade for the course will be determined as follows:
Your final grade will be determined by summing the total number of points awarded and calculating the percentage of the total possible points. This percentage is translated into a letter grade as follows:
| Percent | Letter Grade |
|---|---|
| 98-100 | A+ |
| 93-97 | A |
| 90-92 | A- |
| 87-89 | B+ |
| 83-86 | B |
| 80-82 | B- |
| 77-79 | C+ |
| 73-76 | C |
| 70-72 | C- |
| 67-69 | D+ |
| 63-66 | D |
| 60-62 | D- |
| <60 | F |
| Percent | Letter Grade |
|---|---|
| 98-100 | A+ |
| 93-97 | A |
| 90-92 | A- |
| 87-89 | B+ |
| 83-86 | B |
| 80-82 | B- |
| 77-79 | C+ |
| 73-76 | C |
| 70-72 | C- |
| <70 | F |
Assignments will generally be due weekly on Mondays at 11:59pm, with breaks for the midterm exam and final project. Your assignment will be graded using a test suite which will be made available one day before the assignment due date.
Late assignments will not be accepted. Each assignment builds extensively on the last one, and mastering the assignment material is crucial to success in this course. If you fall behind on completing the assignments, it will be extremely difficult to catch up.
Therefore, on Wednesday after each assignment due date, we will discuss that assignment’s solution in lecture, and the complete solution will be made available on Blackboard. I encourage students to take advantage of the official solutions to avoid falling behind.
Partial credit will be (extensively) given on assignments. I encourage you to submit something for every assignment, even if your solution is far from complete.
Most assignments include a challenge exercise, which generally involves extending your compiler with extra features or optimization capabilities. Graduate students are required to complete all of the challenge exercises, and the challenge exercise will account for 20% of the total grade for the assignment. Undergraduates who successfully complete the challenge exercise for an assignment will receive 5% extra credit for that assignment.
Assignments will be graded according to the following rubric:
| Grade | Assignment Status |
|---|---|
| 100 | Passes all test cases |
| 95 | Passes 75% of test cases |
| 90 | Passes 50% of test cases |
| 85 | Passes at least 1 test case |
| 80 | Project compiles; all passes appear to be nearly complete |
| 75 | All or nearly all passes appear nearly complete |
| 70 | Significant work on all passes |
| 65 | Significant work on at least 75% of the passes |
| 60 | Significant work on at least half of the passes |
| <60 | Missing passes |
Each homework assignment will have a corresponding self-review assignment due one week later. The self-review assignment is an opportunity for students to describe and explain the differences between their solution and the instructor solution.
For each pass of the compiler, your self-review should give short (1-paragraph) answers for two questions:
If your compiler passes all of the test cases, and correctly implements the same functionality as the instructor solution, then the self-review assignment is trivial (the answer to both questions is “none”), and the self-review assignment is essentially free points.
An in-class exercise will be due every Friday at 11:59pm. The exercises for the week will be released on Monday morning, and we will complete these exercises together during the lectures each week. If you attend lectures and follow along, the in-class exercises should not require significant additional time outside of lecture to complete.
There will be two exams: a midterm and a final. You will be allowed one page of notes for each exam. See the schedule below for the dates.
Each student will select and complete a new language feature for their compiler. Final project deliverables will consist of a short project proposal, a compiler implementing the selected language feature, and test cases demonstrating its use. Final projects may be completed in teams of up to 3 students; larger teams will be expected to complete more ambitious projects.
Graduate students will be expected to complete additional requirements in order to receive graduate credit for this course:
Graduate students are expected to complete all of the challenge exercises. For graduate students, the challenge exercise will account for 20% of the assignment’s total grade.
Graduate students are expected to select and complete more ambitious final projects. Suggested topics for graduate student final projects will be included in the detailed final project information.
Collaboration on the high-level ideas and approach on assignments is encouraged. Copying someone else’s work (outside of your team members) is not allowed.
The official references for the course are listed in the schedule below. Copying from references other than these is not allowed. In particular, code should not be copied from other sources, including Stack Overflow and other public sources.
Students caught copying work are eligible for immediate failure of the course and disciplinary action by the University. All academic integrity misconduct will be treated according to UVM’s Code of Academic Integrity.
| Assignment | Topics Covered | Text Chapter | Due Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Compiling Lmin to x86 | Chapter 1 & 2 | Jan 31, 11:59pm |
| 2 | Compiling Lvar to x86 | Chapter 2 | Feb 14, 11:59pm |
| 3 | Register Allocation | Chapter 3 | Feb 28, 11:59pm |
| 4 | Booleans and Control Flow | Chapter 4 | Mar 21, 11:59pm |
| 5 | Loops & Dataflow analysis | Chapter 5 | Apr 4, 11:59pm |
| 6 | Vectors and Garbage Collection | Chapter 6 | Apr 18, 11:59pm |
| 7 | Compiling Functions | Chapter 7 | - |
| Final Project | See below |
Note: no class on the following dates:
Exams:
| Week of | Topic | Assignment |
|---|---|---|
| Jan 17 | ASTs, Interpreters, x86 Assembly (no class Monday) | |
| Jan 24 | Compiling Lmin | |
| Jan 31 | Compiling Lvar | A1 Due (Monday) |
| Feb 7 | Register allocation | A1 Review Due (Monday) |
| Feb 14 | Register allocation | A2 Due (Monday) |
| Feb 21 | Booleans & Typechecking (no class Monday) | A2 Review Due (Monday) |
| Feb 28 | Compiling Lif (midterm exam Friday) | A3 Due (Monday) |
| Mar 7 | Spring Break (no class) | |
| Mar 14 | Compiling Lif | A3 Review Due (Monday) |
| Mar 21 | Loops & Dataflow analysis | A4 Due (Monday) |
| Mar 28 | Vectors & Garbage collection I | A4 Review Due (Monday) |
| Apr 4 | Vectors & Garbage collection II | A5 Due (Monday) |
| Apr 11 | Compiling functions | A5 Review Due (Monday); Project Proposals Due (Friday) |
| Apr 18 | Compiling first-class functions | A6 Due (Monday) |
| Apr 25 | Dynamic typing & objects | A6 Review Due (Monday); Project Milestone (Friday) |
| May 2 | Optimization; binary & instruction sets | Final Project Due (Friday) |
Each of these project ideas will be discussed in lecture, and textbook chapters are available for some of them.
Extend the tuples present in Ltup to records with named fields, exposed as classes in the language. There is no chapter in the textbook describing this extension, but we’ll discuss it in class.
An online compiler is available here.
Example:
class Point:
x: int
y: int
def add_point(self: Point, other: Point) -> Point:
return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
p1 = Point(1, 2)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
p3 = add_point(p1, p2)
Extend the Ltup language to support function definitions. We will discuss this option in class, and the textbook describes the changes in Chapter 7.
An online compiler is available here.
def fact(n: int) -> int:
if n == 0 or n == 1:
return 1
else:
return n * fact(n-1)
print(fact(5))
Extend the Ltup language to support anonmyous functions (i.e. “lambda” functions). We will discuss this option in class, and the textbook describes the changes in Chapter 8.
Example:
x = 5
f: Callable[[int], int] = lambda y -> x + y
print(f(6))
Extend the Ltup language to support dynamic typing as described in Chapter 9 of the textbook.
Example:
if 5 == 6:
x = True
else:
x = 42
More complicated:
Very tough:
The goal of the final project is for you to design and implement your own compiler extension. Final projects will be completed in groups of 1-3. The deliverables for the project will be as follows:
The final project is worth 10% of your final grade. The schedule for final project deliverables, and the contribution of each one to the grade you receive for the final project, are as follows:
| Deliverable | Due Date | Grade Percent | Turn In |
|---|---|---|---|
| Project Proposal | Friday, Apr 15 at 11:59pm | 10% | Blackboard |
| Project Milestone | Friday, Apr 29 at 11:59pm | 10% | Blackboard |
| Implementation & README | Tuesday, May 10 at 11:59pm | 50% | Blackboard |
| Project Presentation Video | Tuesday, May 10 at 11:59pm | 30% | Blackboard |